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1.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 62(2): 236-263, Mar.-Apr. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-887642

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Prolactinomas are the most common pituitary adenomas (approximately 40% of cases), and they represent an important cause of hypogonadism and infertility in both sexes. The magnitude of prolactin (PRL) elevation can be useful in determining the etiology of hyperprolactinemia. Indeed, PRL levels > 250 ng/mL are highly suggestive of the presence of a prolactinoma. In contrast, most patients with stalk dysfunction, drug-induced hyperprolactinemia or systemic diseases present with PRL levels < 100 ng/mL. However, exceptions to these rules are not rare. On the other hand, among patients with macroprolactinomas (MACs), artificially low PRL levels may result from the so-called "hook effect". Patients harboring cystic MACs may also present with a mild PRL elevation. The screening for macroprolactin is mostly indicated for asymptomatic patients and those with apparent idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. Dopamine agonists (DAs) are the treatment of choice for prolactinomas, particularly cabergoline, which is more effective and better tolerated than bromocriptine. After 2 years of successful treatment, DA withdrawal should be considered in all cases of microprolactinomas and in selected cases of MACs. In this publication, the goal of the Neuroendocrinology Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM) is to provide a review of the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas, emphasizing controversial issues regarding these topics. This review is based on data published in the literature and the authors' experience.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pituitary Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pituitary Neoplasms/therapy , Hyperprolactinemia/diagnosis , Hyperprolactinemia/therapy , Prolactinoma/diagnosis , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Prolactin/blood , Brazil , Prolactinoma/therapy , Bromocriptine/therapeutic use , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use , Ergolines/therapeutic use , Cabergoline , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
2.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 59(3): 259-264, 06/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-751323

ABSTRACT

Pituitary apoplexy is characterized by sudden increase in pituitary gland volume secondary to ischemia and/or necrosis, usually in a pituitary adenoma. Most cases occur during the 5th decade of life, predominantly in males and in previously unknown clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. There are some predisposing factors as arterial hypertension, anticoagulant therapy and major surgery. Clinical picture comprises headache, visual impairment, cranial nerve palsies and hypopituitarism. Most cases improve with both surgical and expectant management and the best approach in the acute phase is still controversial. Surgery, usually by transsphenoidal route, is indicated if consciousness and/or vision are impaired, despite glucocorticoid replacement and electrolyte support. Pituitary function is impaired in most patients before apoplexy and ACTH deficiency is common, which makes glucocorticoid replacement needed in most cases. Pituitary deficiencies, once established, usually do not recover, regardless the treatment. Sellar imaging and endocrinological function must be periodic reevaluated. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(3):259-64.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Models, Statistical , Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/methods , Salvage Therapy/methods , Computer Simulation , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Salvage Therapy/standards , Treatment Outcome
3.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 58(2): 118-123, 03/2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-709332

ABSTRACT

Os prolactinomas são os adenomas de hipófise mais comuns e frequentemente afetam mulheres jovens, em faixa etária de fertilidade. A hiperprolactinemia causa hipogonadismo, irregularidade menstrual ou amenorreia em mulheres, níveis baixos de testosterona sérica em homens e infertilidade e disfunção sexual em ambos os gêneros. Macroprolactinomas podem causar cefaleia, aliteração visual e hipopituitarismo. O tratamento clínico com agonista dopaminérgico é o padrão-ouro, sendo a cabergolina a droga de escolha por sua maior eficácia e tolerabilidade. Em cerca de 20% dos casos, o tratamento é parcial ou totalmente ineficaz, situação na qual a cirurgia, em geral por via transesfenoidal, está indicada. A radioterapia é indicada somente para controle de crescimento tumoral em casos invasivos/agressivos. Nos macroprolactinomas invasivos, a abordagem em geral necessária é a de diversas modalidades terapêuticas combinadas, incluindo debulking e drogas recém-aprovadas como a temozolamida. Com relação à gestação, a droga de escolha para induzir a ovulação ainda é a bromocriptina. Nos casos de microprolactinomas e de macroprolactinomas intrasselares, o agonista dopaminérgico pode ser suspenso após a confirmação da gestação. Nos macroprolactinomas, o manejo deve ser individualizado.


Prolactinomas are the most common pituitary adenomas that affect young women at fertile age. Hyperprolactinemia causes hypogonadism, menstrual irregularities or amenorrhea in women, low serum testosterone levels in men, and infertility and sexual dysfunction in both men and women. Macroprolactinomas may cause cephalea, visual disturbance, and hypopituitarism. Clinical treatment with dopamine agonists is the gold standard, with cabergoline as the first choice due to its greater efficiency and tolerability. In about 20% of the cases, treatment is partially or completely ineffective, a situation in which surgery, in general by transsphenoidal route, is indicated. Radiotherapy is indicated only in the control of tumor growth in invasive/aggressive cases. In invasive macroprolactinoma, the necessary approach, in general, is the combination of several therapeutic modalities, including debulking and recently-approved drugs, such as temozolamide. As for pregnancy, the drug of choice to induce ovulation still is bromocriptine. In the cases of microprolactinomas and intrasselar macroprolactinomas, the treatment with dopaminergic agonists may be suspended after pregnancy is confirmed. In macroprolactinomas, management should be individualized.

4.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 57(7): 566-570, out. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-690597

ABSTRACT

Intracranial germinomas (GE) are malignant neoplasms most commonly found in the suprasellar region, which may cause anterior and particularly posterior pituitary hormone deficits with central diabetes insipidus (DI). Differential diagnosis of pituitary stalk thickening includes granulomatous, inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic lesions. Although careful analysis of clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings may facilitate the diagnosis, transsphenoidal biopsy is indicated to confirm the disease, as the correct diagnosis directs the appropriate treatment.


Germinomas intracranianos (GE) são neoplasias malignas comumente na região suprasselar, podendo causar deficiência hormonal da hipófise anterior, em particular da hipófise posterior, com diabetes insípido central (DI). Entre os diagnósticos diferenciais do espessamento de haste hipofisária, incluem-se doenças granulomatosas, inflamatórias, infecciosas e neoplásicas. Embora as avaliações clínica, laboratorial e a ressonância magnética selar sugiram o diagnóstico, a biópsia transesfenoidal está indicada para confirmação, visto que o diagnóstico correto direciona o tratamento.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Germinoma/pathology , Hypopituitarism/pathology , Pituitary Gland/pathology , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , Biopsy , Hypopituitarism/etiology , Pituitary Hormones
6.
Rev. bras. reumatol ; 49(2)mar.-abr. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-511611

ABSTRACT

A prolactina (PRL) é um hormônio fundamental para a galactopoiese, porém, desempenha também outras diversas funções no papel de citocina, como a imunomodulação. A PRL é secretada pela maioria das células do sistema imunológico, estimulando a proliferação, diferenciação e maturação de linfócitos T e B, amplificando a ação de IL-2 e promovendo a inibição da apoptose dessas células. Há diversas evidências da participação da PRL na fisiopatologia das doenças autoimunes, especialmente do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES), epidemiológicas e provenientes de estudos em modelos animais, in vitro e in vivo. A presença da PRL monomérica, biologicamente ativa, correlaciona-se com a atividade lúpica, enquanto que a macroprolactinemia, caraterizada pela presença de um anticorpo anti-PRL, se correlaciona negativamente. Há ainda pontos que merecem melhor esclarecimento: Qual a origem da PRL nos pacientes com hiperprolactinemia (hipofisária versus extra-hipofisária)? Há aumento da bioatividade da PRL? Há mutações ou polimorfismos no gene da PRL ou de seu receptor? O tratamento da hiperprolactinemia ou o uso de agonistas da PRL podem mudar a história natural do LES?


Prolactin (PRL) is a fundamental hormone to galactopoiesis. Nevertheless, it has many other actions, including a cytokine that modulates immune system. Most of immune cells secretes PRL, which stimulates proliferation, differentiation and maturation of T and B lymphocytes, amplifies IL-2 action and inhibits lymphocytes apoptosis. There are many evidences of the role of PRL in physiopathology of autoimmune diseases, especially systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as shown by data from epidemiologic and animal models studies, in vitro and in vivo. Monomeric PRL, the biologic active isoform, correlates positively to lupus activity, while macroprolactinemia, characterized by an autoantibody anti-PRL, correlates negatively. There are still some issues that deserve more studies: which is the PRL origin in hyperprolactinemic patients (pituitary versus extrapituitary)?; is PRL bioactivity increased?; is there any mutations or polymorphisms in PRL gene and PRL receptor gene?, can hyperprolactinemia treatment or PRL antagonist change SLE natural history?


Subject(s)
Humans , Autoimmune Diseases , Hyperprolactinemia , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic , Prolactin
7.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 83(5,supl): S204-S208, Nov. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-470333

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS Discutir a síndrome metabólica e a identificação de seus fatores de risco, inclusive na faixa etária pediátrica. FONTES DE DADOS: Artigos de revisão indexados. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS:A síndrome metabólica caracteriza-se pela resistência à insulina e pela presença de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes melito tipo 2. Não existe ainda um consenso com relação a seus critérios diagnósticos. Na presente revisão, os critérios diagnósticos da Associação Americana de Cardiologia (US National Cholesterol Education Program), Associação Americana de Endocrinologistas Clínicos, Organização Mundial da Saúde e Federação Internacional de Diabetes são apresentados, e as possibilidades de aplicação dos mesmos na infância são discutidas. São também abordados os aspectos fisiopatológicos da síndrome, principalmente aqueles relacionados ao período perinatal e à infância. CONCLUSÃO: A síndrome metabólica tem sido identificada de forma cada vez mais freqüente, principalmente durante a adolescência. Mudanças de estilo de vida, como alimentação e atividade física, são fundamentais na sua prevenção e tratamento. Tratamento medicamentoso e, eventualmente, tratamento cirúrgico também devem ser considerados, dependendo da gravidade, mesmo nesta fase da vida.


OBJECTIVES: To discuss the metabolic syndrome and identify its risk factors, including in the pediatric age group. SOURCES: Indexed review articles. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The metabolic syndrome is characterized by insulin resistance and the presence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2. Consensus has not yet been reached on its diagnostic criteria. This review presents diagnostic criteria defined by the American Heart Association (US National Cholesterol Education Program), the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation and discusses the possibilities of applying them to children. Pathophysiologic features of the syndrome are also covered, principally those related to the perinatal period and childhood. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolic syndrome is being diagnosed with ever greater frequency, principally during adolescence. Lifestyle changes, such as to diet and level of physical activity are fundamental to prevention. Treatment with medication and, in extreme cases, with surgery should also be considered, depending on severity and age.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Birth Weight , Body Mass Index , /etiology , Diabetes, Gestational/physiopathology , Hypertension/complications , Life Style , Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology , Obesity/complications , Risk Factors
8.
São Paulo; s.n; 2005. [122] p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-424937

ABSTRACT

A macroprolactinemia é condição freqüente na hiperprolactinemia e em geral, sem impacto clínico. Os dados sobre a atividade biológica da macroprolactina (bbPRL) são controversos e baseados em bioensaio heterólogo com células de rato Nb2. A atividade biológica da bbPRL é observada in vitro e não in vivo, provavelmente porque seu alto peso molecular evita sua passagem pelos capilares. A bioatividade da bbPRL talvez varie de acordo com a especificidade do receptor de prolactina (PRLR). Avaliamos a bioatividade da bbPRL de indivíduos macroprolactinêmicos (Grupo I, n = 18) e da PRL monomérica (mPRL) de pacientes hiperprolactinêmicos sem bbPRL (Grupo II, n = 5) em Nb2 e em células Ba/F-LLP, transfectadas com o PRLR humano. Enquanto ambos ensaios apresentam resultados similares para a atividade de mPRL, nossos resultados indicam que a atividade da bbPRL é presente em ensaio heterólogo e não em ensaio homólogo. O ensaio Ba/F-LLP é sensível e apresenta melhor correlação com a atividade in vivo da bbPRL /Macroprolactinemia is a frequent finding in hyperprolactinemic individuals, usually without clinical impact. Data on biological activity of macroprolactin (bbPRL) is mostly based on a heterologous bioassay (Nb2 cell). Biological activity of bbPRL observed in vitro but not in vivo maybe due to its high molecular weight preventing its passage through capillary barrier. Alternatively, bbPRL bioactivity may differ depending on the PRL receptor species specificity. BbPRL from macroprolactinemic individuals and monomeric PRL (mPRL) from hyperprolactinemic patients without macroprolactinemia were tested in two bioassays: Nb2 and in Ba/F-LLP, which expresses human prolactin receptor. While both bioassays achieve similar results considering mPRL activity, our results indicate that bbPRL displays activity in a heterologous but not in a homologous bioassay, consistently with the apparent absence of bbPRL bioactivity in vivo...


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Hyperprolactinemia , Prolactinoma , Prolactin/analysis , Biological Assay , Protein Isoforms , Receptors, Prolactin
9.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 45(2): 190-198, abr. 2001. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-282799

ABSTRACT

O objetivo dessa apresentaçäo é discutir as dificuldades na avaliaçäo de valores elevados de prolactina (PRL) e as razöes pelas quais uma interpretaçäo errônea do resultado desse hormônio pode confundir o diagnóstico de pacientes com imagem selar sugestiva ou conclusiva de processo expansivo. Adicionalmente, seräo discutidas as condutas que devem ser doadas nos casos de incidentaloma hipofisário.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Pituitary Neoplasms/diagnosis , Prolactin/adverse effects , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Polyethylene Glycols/therapeutic use
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